The motivation theories and staff retention at web design companies Essay

The motivation theories and staff retention at web design companies (digital communication agencies) in UK, Spain and Italy - Essay Example Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs suggests that the basic physiological needs have to be met first before a person can look ahead. Only when the basic needs are satisfied he clamors for safety needs, need for love, self-esteem or self-actualization. As one need is somewhat fulfilled, the other needs become important and this motivates or influences his behavior (Accel-Team, 2006). This corroborates with Herzberg who proposed that an employee’s motivation is understood when his attitude is understood (Tietjen & Myers, 1998). Herzberg determined that happy feelings or a positive attitude was always task-related while the bad attitude or unpleasant feelings depend upon the surroundings. These are the motivators and include recognition, achievement, career advancement and the work itself. These motivators cause positive job attitudes because they satisfy the need for self-actualization, which is the last in the hierarchy of needs of Maslow. Motivation differs significantly from satisfaction. Motivation to work can come from external factors or from within. Organizational commitment itself is a motivating factor and no satisfaction with job is a demotivating factor. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs basically speculates that people’s needs are satisfied progressively, only when basic needs are met do their aspirations rise and other goals are set. Thus when the employees are motivated, their dedication and initiative increases as Brown et al., (2005) suggest that the need for self-training arises only later. Employees should be able to identify with the firm’s style which gives rise to the necessity of self-training. Knowledge about the work is essential and continued training in the digital communications firms is considered essential. According to Herzberg two factors act upon the motivation of employees – the hygiene factors and the motivators. Hygienes are the intrinsic entities while motivators are intrinsic (Tietjen & Myers, 1998). According to Herzberg

Key Challenges That Zen Practitioners Face in the West Essay Example for Free

Key Challenges That Zen Practitioners Face in the West Essay Zen is a specific form of Buddhism, which appeared in post-Heian period. Originally Zen became a hybrid of Indian Buddhism and Chinese Taoism and Confucianism. Zen is a Japanese name, which corresponds to Chinese Ch’an, Vietnamese Thien Buddhism or Korean S’on. All these kinds of Buddhism differ from each other but in the West they became confused and mixed together, forming one idea of Zen Buddhism. Generally, all Zen teaching is based on Buddhist scriptures, such as Perfection of Wisdom Sutras and Diamond Cutter Sutra. Zen tradition also appreciates the teaching of famous Zen masters of the past. Soto and Rinzai are two main schools of Zen Buddhism. In Soto school they pay special attention to the practice of Zazen of sitting meditation. This meditation consists of â€Å"doing nothing† sitting in the posture of lotus and making an attempt to stop thoughts. This is non-object meditation aiming to stop the activity of mind. Rinzai School makes stronger accent on the study of so called koans. Koans are short stories originating usually from the past which are used to pass the meaning of zen. Disciples of Rinzai School spend days and hours meditating on koans, trying to stop activity of mind and achieve the nature of Buddha. Both, Rinzai and Soto schools have practices of walking meditation. Zen is usually taught in Zen centers and monasteries. Zen tradition pays special attention to interaction between master and students. Teachers and students meet privately so that teacher can pass his experience directly to his students. Despite Soto and Rinzai schools have always being practiced separately in Japan; there is a tendency to combine these two schools into one in the West. There are two main ways of passing Zen traditions in the West (Seager). First of all there are Zen masters, who emigrate from China and Japan. These masters keep close to the original tradition of Zen Buddhism. At the same time non-Asian disciples, who popularize Zen in the west often pay much less attention to the traditions and philosophical elements of Zen. Western teachers of Zen make main emphasis on meditation practices and deemphasize rituals and customs of traditional Zen Buddhism. Soto school gives sixteen precepts of Zen way of life. These precepts are taking refuge in Buddha, Dharma and Sanga, following the first three precepts, not doing evil, doing only good and doing good for others, living according to ten grave precepts, which are not killing, not stealing, write sexual conduct, telling no lie, keeping always from drugs and drinking, not judging others, being generous and being not angry. All these precepts shape everyday ethical rules of Zen Buddhism. In addition, Zen, which is based on the principle of spontaneous action often, turns to calligraphy, archery, poetry and marital arts as additional means. (Wallace) During last decades Zen Buddhist movements have moved from monasteries and gradually have become everyday practice. This can be explained by the peculiarities of Western mentality, where people got used to combining religious practices and everyday life, while in Japan and other Asian countries practicing Zen Buddhism required moving away from lay life and living work and family. As states Allan Wallance, â€Å"as Zen has been assimilated into the West, the traditional ceremonial life of the Japanese temple, together with its linguistic and social customs, has gradually become marginalized. Few Western Zen followers have chosen to make the commitment of entering full-blown Zen monastic practice by taking monastic ordination, or tokudoâ€Å" (Wallance, 8). Western Zen has become supplemented with views from other Buddhism traditions. Most Western practitioners of Zen are lay people, who practice short meditation sessions every day and turn to intensive practice during so-called retreats. In Zen traditional retreats are called sesshins and they last from three to several months. At the same time tokudo, or Zen monastic movement became the founder of Buddhist Peace Fellowship. This organization if preoccupied with helping needy, poor and homeless.

BUILDING A COMPUTER :: essays research papers

With increasing popularity of computer games, and multimedia home PC users often need an unexpensive computer system upgrade. By building a custom computer one is able to combine componenets, and operating system to provide maximal gaming performance. Computers are often called number manipulators, because of their ability to run millions of mathematical operations per second (White 43). Computers use binary system of numbers, which allows them to operate system of microscopic switches called transistors found inside of computer chips. Binary system is defined as counting system that uses two digits one and zero (Gookin 49). A transistor is a basic building block of microchips; transistors are combined in formations called logic gates (White 39). â€Å"Transistor can only create binary information: one if current passes through or zero if current does not, to work with transistors†(White 39). Computer software uses Boolean logic, which is based on selecting true or false values used in computer programming (White 39). All personal computers have BIOS, which is an acronym for Basic Input Output System. The BIOS runs every time the computer is started, and it basically tells the computer how to act (White 19). The BIOS is a part of the boot up process, or a complex set of operations checking hardware that components are working properly. Besides BIOS and several other operations there is power–on self-test - POST being ran. POST test runs at the start up, and if it finds an error, it sends a warning message (White 5). Central processing unit – CPU is the most important part of the personal computer, all other components work as a bridge to CPU (White 59). The speed of the processor is usually defined by using units called megahertz (MHz, also million frequency waves per second). CPUs are generally divided into two categories- CISC and RISC. CISC – complex instruction set computing, uses many small instructions to carry out a single operations. CISC is a standard in today’s processors. RISC – reduced instruction set computing, uses less complicated instructions with simpler design. RISC microprocessors are cheaper, they produce less heat, and they are generally smaller in size compared to CISC. With less heat and smaller size RISC processors have great advantage in reaching higher frequencies with less danger of overheating. The major disadvantage and also reason why RISC microprocessors are not widely used, is less compatibility with available software. The earlier programs were written for CISC chips.

Optical Computed Tomography Essay

Development of optical computed tomography is traceable back to slightly more than a decade ago. ( Doran & Krstajic, 2006:45) The study of tissues using conventional methods and more specifically optical microscopy often suffered major problems given its inherent representation of 3-D materials in 2-D. it is on this basis that there arose the need for more advanced representation techniques. (Doran & Krstajic, 2006:47) Optimal tomography has been able to fill this scientific gap through its ability to combine a series of 2-D images to give a 3-D image. This process involves construction of a spatial 3-D distribution regarding the linear attenuation of an object with the use of samples recorded from various angles of the illumination beam transmitted. (Zhang G. Et al, 2008:2738) Significantly, optical CT has independently emerged within three differing fields. Documented evidence reveal that the earliest emergence of CT is traceable to late 1990’s discovery by Maryanski and Gore similar to the CCD-based optical scanner applicable in investigation of chemical structures that often engage in self organization was presented by Winfree. (Chamgoulov, 2006:1) Later in 2002 though Sharpe published micro-CT images of which he refers to as optical projection tomography. However, recent technologies have seen introduction of optical technology applying the use of trans-illumination tomography in the study of tissues. Optical CT thus falls within the class of optical imaging devices. Often it’s referred t as an interferometric mechanism which brings together scattered light emerging from the sample with regard to a reference beam. (Zhang G. Et al, 2008:2740) OCT’s use in tissue study experiences limitation regarding the maximum penetrable depth. The operations of optical CT originates from the beers law which describes the attenuation of light and X-rays as they move through a given medium. The law states that for uniformly distributed substance bearing a linear attenuation coefficient ? with a measuring detector at a depth d is described by the equation below l(d)= l_0 exp (-? d),l? Where l0 represents the measured intensity at depth equals to zero. Where N mediums are to be bypassed by the rays, then the equation translates as described below; l(N? y) ? = l? _0 exp{ -? _(i=1)^N- _i ? y? } The most recent development of Optic CT application has been the optical CT microscopes which uses of DMD (Digital micro-mirror device). This involves an array consisting of thousands of very small micro-mirrors designed in a way that allows each to be individually controlled. This allows illumination of the specimen at different angles or rather they act as spatial modulators of light. (Chamgoulov, 2006:2) Another form of optical CT microscope employs the use of an optical scanner primarily controlled by a computer in moving of light across the given sample. (see figure 1) Such a system is made up of a pair of objective lenses with high numerical apertures, a source of light, and a detector. The optical scanner is made up of a two axis mirror consisting of motorized linear actuators. (Doran & Krstajic, 2006:50) The objective lenses numerical aperture limits the angular range. The microscope applies greater use of the radon’s transformations which is described by the equation below; l=l_(0 ) exp {–? -? (y)dy} across a given sample Figure 1: Optical CT microscope schematic representation The optical CT microscope gives 3-D images of sample being studied with the samples dimensions being visibly seen. This has thus extended its application as a way of studying tissues and body cells more effectively as previously only two dimensional images could be visualized. Data from optical CT imaging is often presented in Radon space, a 2-D form of image referred to as a sinogram. (Doran & Krstajic, 2006:51) The samples various points are said to each produce their own sinogram tracks overlaid to each other. The source and the detector are each placed on either side of the object being imaged. When the source detector is at position x, then the attenuated laser beam intensity that the detector receives is given by the equation l(x)=l_0 exp {–? -? (x,y) dy} Often the source detector track is rotated around the sample being imaged. However some designed allow the sample to rotate instead. This change does not result into a change in design except for mathematical calculations that are altered to take into consideration the resulting sample rotational angles. The equation of radon transforms then takes the form describes below; ?_? (x)= ? -? (x_? y_? )dy= -(In (l_? x)/l_0 ) Advantages and disadvantages of using optical computed tomography This technology has attracted widespread use by industrialist and other end users due to its high speed and precision. In addition it provides more detailed subsurface images of both 2-D and 3-D structures. (Sakhalkar & Oldham, 2007:104) Notably also is its capability of producing high resolution and in-depth images of tissues. This has led to its gaining popularity with ophthalmologists. Non-biological application too employs the use of optical CT as it is applicable in non-destructive testing and material evaluation. In 2007 for instance, David Stifter in his paper cited the applicability of the technology in detection of ceramic defects (Stifter et al, 2005) and other non-contact materials including glass, polymers among others. However, the technology is still considered expensive and unaffordable to most of its desirable users. Additionally, the highly scattering nature of biological tissues has limited the technology to only shallow depths in imaging penetration. References Doran, S. J. & Krstajic, N. (2006) The history and principles of optical computed tomography for scanning 3-D radiation dosimeters. Journal of physics, 56:45–57 Zhang G. Et al (2008) Use of three-dimensional (3D) optical flow method in mapping 3D anatomic structure and tumor contours across four-dimensional computed tomography data. Journal of Applied Clinical Medicine Physics, 9(1):2738 Chamgoulov, R. , Pierre L. & Calum, M.(2006) Computed tomography generates three-dimensional microscopic images of cells, Journal of Optical Engineering, 2(2):1-3. J. Sharpe, (2008) Optical Projection Tomography. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 8: 209-228, Sakhalkar H. S. & Oldham, M (2007) Fast, high-resolution 3D dosimetry utilizing a novel optical-CT scanner incorporating tertiary telecentric collimation. Med. Phys. 35(1):101-111 Stifter, D. et al (2005) En-face scanning optical coherence tomography with ultra-high resolution for material investigation, Journal of Optics, 13( 3):1015-1024

Cultural Metaphor Essay

Cultural metaphors is a cultural system wherein people with the same beliefs, traditions, ideologies, morals or values associate with each other. People belonging to the same culture, share or participate in a particular interest activity, event, or organization, and any other means, that represents their culture is an example of a cultural metaphor. (Gannon, 2008) Moreover, these interest activities, events, organizations, etc. are specifically identified to one particular culture, influencing the way of life of its people. Cultural metaphors create a more discernible way of exhibiting a unique feature of a particular culture to other people. Since these unique features of a particular culture differ from other cultures, most people would probably have different opinions about them. Examples of cultural metaphors that most people know of include the Italian Opera or the American Football. These cultural metaphors associate certain activities or events, in this case the opera and football as distinct to a particular culture. Furthermore, basing it on the examples given, cultural metaphors, although distinctive to a particular culture, is also well known or popular to other cultures. (Gannon, 2002) Rules, ideologies, knowledge and rituals are several cultural concepts that make up the cultural metaphor. The rules that make up the cultural metaphor are either written or unwritten rules that people of a particular culture follow. For instance, rules that govern American football may differ from its European counterpart. Ideologies are certain beliefs or values that are accepted and practiced by a particular culture. For example, the Chinese believes in placing their idols in an altar for health and good luck. The concept of knowledge in cultural metaphors involves information that only a specific culture knows, as Americans are knowledgeable about football, while Europeans are more adept in soccer. Rituals are rites or customs practiced by a particular culture. For example, Muslims all over the world pray at the same times of the day for five times. References Gannon, M.  J. (2008). Cultural Metaphors: Applications and Exercises. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from Sage Publications. Website: www. csusm. edu/mgannon/Documents/CULTURAL METAPHORS. doc Gannon, M. J. (2002). Cultural metaphors: Their use in management practice and as a method for understanding cultures. In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds. ), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 16, Chapter 4), (http://www. wwu. edu/~culture), Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA.

Ancient Mayan Warriors and Warfare

Ancient Mayan Warriors and Warfare The Maya were a mighty civilization based in the low, rainy forests of southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize whose culture peaked around 800 A.D. before going into steep decline. Historical anthropologists used to believe the Maya were a peaceful people, who warred upon one another rarely if at all, preferring instead to dedicate themselves to astronomy, building, and other non-violent pursuits. Recent advances in the interpretation of stonework at Maya sites have changed that, however, and the Maya are now considered a very violent, warmongering society. Wars and warfare were important to the Maya for a variety of reasons, including subjugation of neighboring city-states, prestige, and capture of prisoners for slaves and sacrifices. Traditional Pacifist Views of the Maya Historians and cultural anthropologists began seriously studying the Maya in the early 1900s. These first historians were impressed with the great Maya interest in the cosmos and astronomy and their other cultural achievements, such as the Maya calendar and their large trade networks. There was ample evidence of a warlike tendency among the Maya - carved scenes of battle or sacrifice, walled compounds, stone, and obsidian weapon points, etc. - but the early Mayanists ignored this evidence, instead of sticking to their notions of the Maya as a peaceful people. As the glyphs on the temples and stelae began to yield their secrets to dedicated linguists, however, a very different picture of the Maya emerged. The Maya City-States Unlike the Aztecs of Central Mexico and the Inca of the Andes, the Maya were never a single, unified empire organized and administered from a central city. Instead, the Maya were a series of city-states in the same region, linked by language, trade, and certain cultural similarities, but often in lethal contention with one another for resources, power, and influence. Powerful cities like Tikal, Calakmul, and Caracol frequently warred upon one another or upon smaller cities. Small raids into enemy territory were common: attacking and defeating a powerful rival city was rare but not unheard of. The Maya Military Wars and major raids were led by the Ahau or King. Members of the highest ruling class often were military and spiritual leaders of the cities and their capture during battles was a key element of military strategy. It is believed that many of the cities, especially the larger ones, had large, well-trained armies available for attack and defense. It is unknown if the Maya had a professional soldier class as the Aztecs did. Maya Military Goals The Maya city-states went to war with one another for several different reasons. Part of it was military dominance: to bring more territory or vassal states under the command of a larger city. Capturing prisoners was a priority, especially high-ranking ones. These prisoners would be ritually humiliated at the victorious city: sometimes, the battles were played out again in the ball court, with the losing prisoners sacrificed after the â€Å"game.† It is known that some of these prisoners remained with their captors for years before finally being sacrificed. Experts disagree about whether these wars were waged solely for the purpose of taking prisoners, like the famous Flower Wars of the Aztecs. Late in the Classic period, when the warring in the Maya region became much worse, cities would be attacked, looted and destroyed. Warfare and Architecture The Maya penchant for warfare is reflected in their architecture. Many of the major and minor cities have defensive walls, and in the later Classic period, newly-founded cities were no longer established near productive land, as they had been previously, but rather on defensible sites such as hilltops. The structure of the cities changed, with the important buildings all being inside the walls. Walls could be as high as ten to twelve feet (3.5 meters) and were usually made of stone supported by wooden posts. Sometimes the construction of walls seemed desperate: in some cases, walls were built right up to important temples and palaces, and in some cases (notably the Dos Pilas site) important buildings were taken apart for stone for the walls. Some cities had elaborate defenses: Ek Balam in the Yucatan had three concentric walls and the remains of a fourth one in the city center. Famous Battles and Conflicts The best-documented and possibly the most important conflict was the struggle between Calakmul and Tikal in the fifth and sixth centuries. These two powerful city-states were each dominant politically, militarily and economically in their regions, but were also relatively close to one another. They began warring, with vassal cities like Dos Pilas and Caracol changing hands as the power of each respective city waxed and waned. In 562 A.D. Calakmul and/or Caracol defeated the mighty city of Tikal, which fell into a brief decline before regaining its former glory. Some cities were hit so hard that they never recovered, like Dos Pilas in 760 A.D. and Aguateca sometime around 790 A.D. Effects of Warfare on Maya Civilization Between 700 and 900 A.D., most of the important Maya cities in the south and central regions of the Maya civilization went silent, their cities abandoned. The decline of the Maya civilization is still a mystery. Different theories have been proposed, including excessive warfare, drought, plague, climate change and more: some belief in a combination of factors. Warfare almost certainly had something to do with the disappearance of the Maya civilization: by the ​late Classic period wars, battles and skirmishes were quite common and important resources were dedicated to wars and city defenses. Source: McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. New York: Norton, 2004.

Profile and Key Facts About President Harry Truman

Profile and Key Facts About President Harry Truman Truman was born on May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri. He grew up on farms and in 1890 his family settled in Independence, Missouri. He had bad eyesight from a youth but he loved to read having been taught by his mother. He especially liked history and government. He was an excellent piano player. He went to local grade and high schools. Truman did not continue his education until 1923 because he had to help make money for his family. He did attend two years of law school from 1923-24. Fast Facts: Harry S Truman Born: May 8, 1884, Lamar, MODied: December 26, 1972Parents: John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young TrumanTerm of Office: April 12, 1945 - Jan. 20, 1953Spouse: Elizabeth Bess Virginia Wallace (1919)Children: Mary Jane TrumanMajor Events in Office: Atomic Bombs  dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945), end of World War II  (1945), creation of United Nations (1945), Nuremburg Trials (1945-1946), Truman Doctrine  (1947), Taft-Hartley Act (1947), creation of Israel, Marshall Plan  (1948-1952), NATO Treaty (1949), Korean Conflict  (1950-1953), Twenty-Second Amendment Ratified  (1951), Hydrogen Bomb Detonated (1952)Famous Quote: Im going to fight hard. Im going to give them hell. Family Truman was the son of John Anderson Truman, a farmer and livestock trader and active Democrat and  Martha Ellen Young Truman. He had one brother,  Vivian Truman, and one sister, Mary Jane Truman. On  June 28, 1919, Truman married  Elizabeth Bess Virginia Wallace. They 35 and 34, respectively. Together, they had one  daughter, Margaret Truman. She is a singer and a novelist, writing not only biographies of her parents but also mysteries. Harry S Trumans Career Before the Presidency Truman worked at odd jobs after graduating from high school to help his family make ends meet. He helped on his fathers farm from 1906 until he joined the military to fight in World War I. After the war he opened a hat shop which failed in 1922. Truman was made a judge of Jackson Co., Missouri, which was an administrative post. From 1926-34, he was the head judge of the county. From 1935-45, he served as a Democratic Senator representing Missouri. Then in 1945, he assumed the vice presidency. Military Service Truman was a member of the National Guard. In 1917, his unit was called up into regular service during World War I. He served from August 1917 until May 1919. He was made a commander of a Field Artillery unit in France. He was part of the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 and was at Verdun at the end of the war. Becoming the President Truman took over the presidency upon Franklin Roosevelts death on April 12, 1945. Then in 1948, the Democrats were at first unsure about backing Truman but eventually rallied behind him to nominate him to run for president. He was opposed by Republican Thomas E. Dewey, Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond, and Progressive Henry Wallace. Truman won with 49% of the popular vote and 303 of the possible 531 electoral votes. Events and Accomplishments of Harry S Truman’s Presidency The war in Europe ended in May, 1945. However, America was still at war with Japan. One of the most important decisions made by Truman or possibly any other president was the use of the  atomic bombs in Japan. He ordered two bombs:  one against Hiroshima  on August 6, 1945 and one against Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Trumans goal was to stop the war quickly avoiding further losses of allied troops. Japan sued for peace on August 10th and surrendered on September 2, 1945. Truman was president during the  Nuremberg Trials  which punished 22 Nazi leaders for numerous crimes including crimes against humanity. 19 of them were found guilty. Also,  the United Nations  was created in order to try and avoid future world wars and to help settle conflicts peacefully. Truman created the  Truman Doctrine  which stated that it was the duty of the U.S. to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures. America joined with Great Britain to fight against a Soviet blockade of Berlin by airlifting over 2 million tons of supplies to the city. Truman agreed to help rebuild Europe in what was called  the Marshall Plan. America spent over $13 billion dollars to help get Europe back on its feet. In 1948, The Jewish people created the state of Israel in Palestine. The U.S. was among the first to recognize the  new nation. From 1950-53, America participated in the  Korean Conflict. North Korean Communist forces had invaded South Korea. Truman got the UN to agree that the U.S. could expel the North Koreans out of the South. MacArthur was sent in and called for America to go to war with China. Truman would not agree and MacArthur was removed from his post. The U.S. did not achieve its objective in the conflict. Other important issues of Trumans time in office were the  Red Scare, the passage of the 22nd Amendment  limiting a president to two terms,  the Taft-Hartley Act, Trumans Fair Deal, and an  assassination attempt  in 1950. Post Presidential Period Truman decided not to seek reelection in 1952. He retired to Independence, Missouri. He remained active in supporting Democratic candidates for the presidency. He died on December 26, 1972. Historical Significance It was President Truman who made the final decision to use the atomic bombs on Japan to speed up the end of the World War II. His use of the bomb was not only a way to stop what could have been a bloody fight on the mainland but also to send a message to the Soviet Union that the U.S. was not afraid to use the bomb if necessary. Truman was president during the beginnings of the Cold War and also during the Korean War.

27 Unforgettable Katharine Hepburn Quotes

27 Unforgettable Katharine Hepburn Quotes Katharine Hepburn, actress, was best known for roles in which she played strong, sophisticated women. Selected Katharine Hepburn Quotations I never realized until lately that women were supposed to be the inferior sex.Life is to be lived. If you have to support yourself, you had bloody well better find some way that is going to be interesting. And you dont do that by sitting around wondering about yourself.If you give an audience a chance they will do half your acting for you.Acting is the most minor of gifts and not a very high-class way to earn a living.. After all, Shirley Temple could do it at the age of four.When I started out, I didnt have any desire to be an actress or to learn how to act. I just wanted to be famous.Everyone thought I was bold and fearless and even arrogant, but inside I was always quaking.If you always do what interests you, at least one person is pleased.If you obey all the rules, you miss all the fun.Without discipline, theres no life at all.Enemies are so stimulating.Loved people are loving people.Love has nothing to do with what you are expecting to get - only what you are expecting to give - which is everything. What you will receive in return varies. But it really has no connection with what you give. You give because you love and cannot help giving. Sometimes I wonder if men and women really suit each other. Perhaps they should live next door and just visit now and then.Marriage is a series of desperate arguments people feel passionately about.If you want to sacrifice the admiration of many men for the criticism of one, go ahead, get married.Plain women know more about men than beautiful women do.If you’re given a choice between money and sex appeal, take the money. As you get older, the money will become your sex appeal.I have many regrets, and Im sure everyone does. The stupid things you do, you regret if you have any sense, and if you dont regret them, maybe youre stupid.Itd be a terrific innovation if you could get your mind to stretch a little further than the next wisecrack.Life can be wildly tragic at times, and Ive had my share. But whatever happens to you, you have to keep a slightly comic attitude. In the final analysis, you have got to not forget to laugh.If you survive long enough, youre revered - rather like an old building. There are no laurels in life ... just new challenges.Lifes whats important. Walking, houses, family. Birth and pain and joy. Actings just waiting for a custard pie. Thats all.It’s life isn’t it? You plow ahead and make a hit. And you plow on and someone passes you. Then someone passes them. Time levels.Life is hard. After all, it kills you.I dont think that work ever really destroyed anybody. I think that lack of work destroys them a hell of a lot more.I never lose sight of the fact that just being is fun.

Unit 8 Seminar Legal & Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 8 Seminar Legal & Ethics - Research Paper Example To strike a balance, the therapist should carefully weigh the repercussions of keeping the secret (Bass &Quimby, 2006). If the therapist thinks that revealing the secret will be for the greater benefit of everyone, then they should inform the individual who revealed the secret of their intention to reveal it. It is the role of family therapists to ensure that they provide their clients with sufficient informed consent. The informed consent document must contain information such as the nature of the therapy process, the fees charged, the involvement of any third parties, the expected duration of the treatment process, and the circumstances and which confidentiality might not be assured (Corey, Corey &Callanan, 2010). In addition, if the therapist is using non-established procedures, the therapist should inform the client of the nature and progress of the treatment, the risks involved, and the availability of alternative treatments. To ensure full understanding on the part of the client, the therapist should have face to face discussions with the clients and explain the contents of the document. Leaving the client to read the document and assuming that they understand the contents is ethically wrong. They should be certain that the client is fully acquainted with the processes involved in the treatment process in a direct conversation with the

Why did the U.S. Supreme Court once rule that the federal income tax Essay

Why did the U.S. Supreme Court once rule that the federal income tax was unconstitutional How did Congress react Include proper in-text citations in APA format to support your answer - Essay Example This culminated in the annulment of the federal Income Tax Act of 1894, by the United States Supreme Court, on constitutional grounds. The Court held the levy imposed by the law on the returns from real estate was not sufficiently different from the taxes remitted by the property owners on the same assets. The court, therefore, categorized the duty as a direct tax, which should be apportioned among the different States. This ruling set a remarkable precedent, that, although, not all income taxes amounted to direct taxes; however, it was still unclear whether the income tax fell in either category of taxes. Regardless, the income tax was believed to be illegal because Congress had not yet streamlined the Sixteenth Amendment to be in tandem with the taxation laws. Federal authorities in charge on income tax based their arguments on the fact that the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment permitted the government to implement the income taxes. Additionally, the court concluded that the enactment of such a law would be a recipe for chaos between different social classes. Nonetheless, the ruling prompted Congress to correct the ambiguous issue by ratifying a Constitutional amendment. Shortly after the passing of the Amendment, the legislature enacted another legislation governing income tax; a legal structure, which was largely drawn from the 1894 law. It was, however, clearer on both

Reflective Diary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective Diary - Essay Example Besides, it instilled a spirit of responsibility and team player as each worker was to be held accountable for the development of their respective areas. However, despite such success, Potteries Health Care has not been offering a conducive working environment for all the stakeholders. Despite their dedication to deliver their services to the clients, the employees have been crying foul of stringent policies which have been adopted by the top management. Even if they are meant to increase the chances of the company accomplishing its short and long-term goals, they have been criticized by a section of the labor force who has perceived them to be quite punitive and demoralizing to them. in fact, it might be the reason behind the high level of attrition of the employees (Gomez-Mejia et al 27). According to the latest company records, a high number of workers have left the company. During the past two years, a total of 25 employees voluntarily left the company. Moreover, there were 3 cases of redundancy; 3 dismissed employees while 5 were dismissed while still undergoing their probation. This implies that something must be amiss and henc e needs to be addressed. If everything was okay, no such number of workers would have ceased serving the company. Although they do not represent the total labor force, they might have been some of the most productive employees whose quitting might have paralyzed the company’s progress. For this reason, as a labor unionist, I would like to express my displeasure with the company’s top management. Although it has been in existence for quite a longer time now, the company must be condemned for not failing to safeguard the welfare of its workers. The change in management does not necessarily mean introducing new policies which are meant to promote the company’s progress without necessarily thinking about the concerns of the workers. Even though he was commended for good performance, the hiring of

Homo Religiosus by Karen Armstrong, p. 22-38 Essay

Homo Religiosus by Karen Armstrong, p. 22-38 - Essay Example It is essential to acknowledge that loss of self is desirable according to Armstrong’s arguments hence influencing homo religiosus. Firstly, Armstrong argues that loss of self is desirable since it enabled ancient societies to believe and worship idols in shrines hence they are aware that this is against God’s will. The ancient society believed that these labyrinths served as sacred places where they could perform all sorts of rituals. According to some historians’ arguments, the purpose of these labyrinths was generally pragmatic (Armstrong 22). Despite how deed these labyrinths were, the loss of self enabled them to enter although, it took lots of ours to reach the innermost core. However, loss of self seems desirable since these innermost cores were very dangerous, uneconomical, exhausting, and time-consuming. The consensus with the ancient communities was that these sacred caves served as sanctuaries, and similar to all temples, the caves’ iconography portrayed a vision, which was extremely different from the vision of the outside world (Armstrong 23). This showed how loss of self was de sirable. Although the ancient practices were extremely painful, difficult, and even traumatic, their loss of self seemed desirable as this enabled them to involve and practice some difficult rituals such as that of hunters. Animal sacrifice, for instance, which served as the central rite with all religious societies in antiquity, portrayed prehistoric hunting celebration and they continued to give honor to a beast that surrendered its life for humankind sake (Armstrong 24). The main aims of practicing these rituals were to bring to mind an anxiety in a way that ancient society must confront and take control of it. From the beginning, this shows that homo religiosus life was centered in the tragic facts that life focus upon destruction of these creatures. Some of the

Critical Issues in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Critical Issues in Marketing - Essay Example (BRASSINGTON, Frances, 2006) Each one of the "four P's" is a variable that is managed in creation of the marketing blend that draws customers towards company. (CANT, M. C., 2009) This paper hereby emphasizes on the five critical issues in the modern marketing practices that are widely acknowledged as culture jamming, self-help, super markets, counter culture and selling of celebrity. The term "Culture jamming" refers to a cultural backtalk by switching to the language of ascertained power. (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) The process comprises of playing with memorable structures of communiqu and interfaces like "posters, billboards, official language, protocol, spaces and imagery" (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) and spiraling them back against its creator. An undermined note could contain critique of the original or might ally with a novel political message for instance "Class War: Just Do It." (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) Usually, culture jamming is considered as time saving as it is a quick job on an existing advertisement with need of merely a marker. It evenly involves the design of professional media, necessitating the superiority of intricate graphical design and copywriting. Culture jamming had brought an up to date twirl to an elongated legacy of court jesting, opinionated satire and jokey commotions of the society. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) Unlike its antecedents, although, this modern dissident game is participated principally with signs and symbols in the community that has already approached to be pervade by them. (SOLOMON, Michael R., 2003) The phase for the materialization of culture jamming was laid in the early 20th century as mass fabrication; mass utilization and mass haulage set its foot in Europe and North America. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) The pace conveyed with these innovative growths shaped a flood of information leading way for industrialized civilizations to search for and grow extra competent codes of message to cope with it all making symbolic lingos more imperative than ever and gave birth to countless novel symbolic code from street map emblems to commercial logos, all intended to craft swift sense of gradually more multifaceted information. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) In the precedent two decades, culture jamming has caught on far-off and broad range, credit to

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 3

Project management - Essay Example t on various dimensions which include limitations of available risk identification methods and optimization, examples of risks, use of Critical Chain methodology in event organization and evaluation of waterfall and agile methodologies Evaluate advantages and limitations of the available risk identification methods and conclude on an optimal, well-balanced combination of them to be used in a project of your choice. (20) Provide 3 examples of potential risks that could be obtained through each of the techniques in such an ‘optimised’, project-tailored list Key characteristics exist in any project. For instance in this case, consideration of installation of selling and purchasing software in an organization is ideal in explaining the attributes relative to project management. In essence, installation of a software that tracks, ordering, invoicing, payment and dispatch of goods in an organization is a complex process which should be guided by the principles relative to project management in a bid to attain the set goals. In any project, the element of management is inevitable and it is guided by the various tools and principles. Some of them include SMART and PESTEL (COVELLO & MERKHOFER, 1993). Consideration of SMART helps in understanding the key features of a project. Consider the following illustration. The process of project management as mentioned earlier is definitive in nature in the sense that it has a beginning point and an end. This implies that the attributes of specificity, measurability, relevancy and attainability crowns the aspect of timing of a project. It is imperative to note that, the numerous uncertainties stand a chance to occur during this process and this explains the necessity of the risk identification (KENDRICK, 2009). When the risks are identified earlier, the requisite intervention measures are carried out in time and this ensures that the process of the project flows smoothly. Essentially, when risks occur in a project process,

Critical Issues in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Critical Issues in Marketing - Essay Example (BRASSINGTON, Frances, 2006) Each one of the "four P's" is a variable that is managed in creation of the marketing blend that draws customers towards company. (CANT, M. C., 2009) This paper hereby emphasizes on the five critical issues in the modern marketing practices that are widely acknowledged as culture jamming, self-help, super markets, counter culture and selling of celebrity. The term "Culture jamming" refers to a cultural backtalk by switching to the language of ascertained power. (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) The process comprises of playing with memorable structures of communiqu and interfaces like "posters, billboards, official language, protocol, spaces and imagery" (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) and spiraling them back against its creator. An undermined note could contain critique of the original or might ally with a novel political message for instance "Class War: Just Do It." (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) Usually, culture jamming is considered as time saving as it is a quick job on an existing advertisement with need of merely a marker. It evenly involves the design of professional media, necessitating the superiority of intricate graphical design and copywriting. Culture jamming had brought an up to date twirl to an elongated legacy of court jesting, opinionated satire and jokey commotions of the society. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) Unlike its antecedents, although, this modern dissident game is participated principally with signs and symbols in the community that has already approached to be pervade by them. (SOLOMON, Michael R., 2003) The phase for the materialization of culture jamming was laid in the early 20th century as mass fabrication; mass utilization and mass haulage set its foot in Europe and North America. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) The pace conveyed with these innovative growths shaped a flood of information leading way for industrialized civilizations to search for and grow extra competent codes of message to cope with it all making symbolic lingos more imperative than ever and gave birth to countless novel symbolic code from street map emblems to commercial logos, all intended to craft swift sense of gradually more multifaceted information. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) In the precedent two decades, culture jamming has caught on far-off and broad range, credit to

Book Review Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Book Review - Term Paper Example Unfortunately most of the organizations fail in this remake effort. Some fail miserably but most of the organization lie somewhere in between. According to Peter Senge in his 1999 book â€Å"Dance of Change† â€Å"This failure to sustain significant change recurs again and again despite substantial resources committed to the change effort (many are bankrolled by the top management), talented and committed people driving the change and high stakes. The companies that fail to sustain significant change end up facing crises. Despite this high failure rate the need for change is undeniable for sustained growth. In fact the sooner is the better otherwise options gets dried up and it requires heroic efforts to successfully bring change. The powerful macroeconomic forces that necessitate change are technological, international economic and open market forces. These forces simultaneously create opportunities and challenges for the organizations. The phenomena that some companies succ essfully manage dramatic changes, while others fail, intrigued Kotter. It led him to study more than hundred organizations involved in the change effort. He believes that the defining factors between success and failure of these change initiatives in business are some critical differences. This extensive study resulted in the development of a framework. He devised an eight phase process necessary for successful change. The most general lesson he derived from the case of successful companies is that each company has to undergo eight phases or steps in the change process without skipping any step. It requires a great deal of time and care because any critical mistake at any phase can be very costly to the company. Kotter’s view about change is quite dissimilar to the views of the vast majority on change management. Kotter emphasizes on leadership rather than management hence the name leading change rather than change management. He negates the common perception that change is a ll about management. He believes that successful transformation is 70-90 percent leadership and only 10-30 percent is management. Kotter not only recognizes the complexity of organizational change but also has proposed its solution with leadership, which is neither simple nor easy, instead of a logical process to manage change as prescribed in most of the books. Kotter’s book is also different from other books on account of its reliance on personal experience based on his exposure to companies for many years instead of drawing on other sources to bolster his arguments and conclusions. Kotter has attributed this undue emphasis on management to the mushroom growth of organizations by entrepreneurs in the twentieth century. Hundreds of mangers were required for the management of these organizations. A single leader with lots of managers could fulfill the requirements of a relatively slow pace of change in business. But the ever accelerating pace of change in the fast moving worl d of the twenty first century, decisions need to be made quickly and cannot take the ponderous and slow route of the management style. Dynamic adaptive enterprises of today’s world demand leadership. Kotter in his book has firstly identified the reasons of change programs failures and urged the importance of leadership and secondly has developed the change

Response Mc Graw-Hill Essay Example for Free

Response Mc Graw-Hill Essay With respect to the topic about the role of perception in a conflict, I am going to relate this to my personal conflict with a neighbor in the community that I live. I experience this conflict when our neighbor reprimanded my brother in a humiliating twice in different times for the reason that the latter used to play his radio component in high volume. Considering the distance of our houses, my mother believed that there was really no disturbance that was created by my brother. However, the said neighbor is still angry with us and tried to spread the issue around the neighborhood. That made my family more angry against our neighbor and we even showed disgust with him. As such, there are two things that are important for the same, and these include communication behaviors and the perceptions of these behaviors ( Hocker and Wilmot, 2001, p. 26). In addition to that, the way a conflict is characterized metaphorically creates a certain perception of what can happen, what will happen, what should happen and with what kind of feeling actions might take place (17). For instance, my perception with the conflict that I was involved was that, the constant show of utter disrespect my neighbor has shown me by wearing an angry face everytime I am around means that he disliked my presence. It may happen that I will do the same to my neighbor as a counter-reaction or maybe I will create a bad impression on him in my mind. I can detect that there are so many factors affecting my perceptions. The fact that I am also a guy, I hated my neighbor so much and his family background and cultural display are another factors of the conflict. Actually, my neighbor is a foreigner, particularly a Chinese. We have different cultural orientations and perceptions. He hates noise around him and knowing my brother who loves listening to loud music, they would really end up enemies by conflicting needs and likes. I am really affected to this conflict because it is a matter that affects my whole family. Reference Hocker, J. and Wilmot, W. (2001). Interpersonal Conflict. USA: Mc Graw-Hill.

Opposing Models and Approaches to Care of the Elderly

Opposing Models and Approaches to Care of the Elderly Maria Theresa O. Seguerra INTRODUCTION: The proper practice in care is not just about having to do things well or having the adequate knowledge, it also involves showing good moral and attitude towards people. The best way to determine that you have given out the suitable care is putting yourself in the other person’s shoe. The right way to social care is to always involve a good value base (Social Care Institute for Excellence, 2014). In this paper, we are tasked to weigh the pros and drawbacks of the theories and principles that concerns the person- centred approach to care for people suffering with dementia and other health conditions for the elderlies. The Task Question 1 Person- centred approach This type of approach directly addresses the person as a single and unique individual rather than looking through them generally or perhaps treating them straight with regards to their disease condition. This method targets to care for the person with dementia as an individual with uniqueness, interests and needs rather than aiming to treat their illnesses or disabilities that they are currently suffering. Instead of focusing on their disease symptoms, this approach considers the person as a whole and is cared for holistically. There are eight (8) approaches that cover this type of approach, the following are: Individuality Every person is unique from one another. A person suffering from dementia is stereo-typed as an individual who has lost his independence and conformity to society thus he is not handled as someone who still possess his own right to distinctiveness and dignity. It should be the case that people need to understand that these ones must be given value and respect as an individual despite having mental impairment. To be able to care for these clients, accurate and in- depth history of the client’s needs and preferences should be noted. These information should be sorted out well enough by the health care providers and handed over in a very precise manner to the caregivers so as to bring about the best care as what their loved ones have expected. Rights Although demented people have slowly diminished sense of personal identity, their personal rights have been gradually eroded too. However, even if these have occurred in them, their personal character, morals and values still retain. We can see that these people have lost their critical thinking, comprehension and judgment the reason why many of their rights have been violated and abused by the people around them. In order to protect the clients, especially those who are confined in aged care facilities, they always have the power of attorney. The power of attorney is a written document that the client has given to another person to take charge or to represent in behalf of the client’s personal affairs and other legal matters against the wishes of the others (Citizens Advice Bureau NZ, 2014). In order to give these people the care that they deserve, those who are included in the care must have an environment conducive for demented people, for them to be able to understand more of their sentiments, and interests. Also, an environment which is secure and safe because protection is always the priority for them. Choice Health care providers especially those ones who are involved directly with the care of people with dementia must not assume that they are not capable enough to make their own decisions. They should however, must be assisted in deciding with their daily preferences and needs. Good collaboration with them enhances their chance to regain independence and self- worth. To be able to create the plan of care to these clients, early detection of dementia is ideal for the healthcare providers to be able give them choices and plan out a comprehensive person- centred approach of care. Privacy This principle is very significant to every individual, in general. This should be uphold and encouraged. Issues pertaining to privacy and confidentiality must be dealt with accordingly, thus during staff meetings and inductions it should be emphasized that privacy and confidentiality of the clients must be maintained. Moreover, simple measures must be done especially in giving them their personal spaces and time. These simple approaches conceal huge impact to the clients daily living. Independence As dementia progresses, an individual’s capabilities of doing his own activities of daily living diminishes. It is not that they cannot carry out the activities anymore, it is just that they usually forget what they are supposed to do. The main reason why they need guidance and assistance most of the time and not imposing on them. When the caregivers enact things according to their wants just to get their work done in a fast manner, they are trying to take away the client’s freedom and independence. Dignity People with dementia should be handled with utmost respect. Always remember the person they used to be and dementia itself only should be the second of the priorities. In that way, when the healthcare providers use that awareness to make decisions about their care and their daily routine is one way of maintaining the patient’s dignity (A Place for Mom, 2015). Always take into consideration that the person with dementia has no control of their judgment, memory and communication anymore. Therefore it is our duty to make modifications so as to help them direct their needs. Respect Dementia is seen as a slow deterioration of an individual’s personality until there is nothing left of that person and still, that person carries on. It is always a rule of thumb to maintain that much needed respect they need and in order to do so, staff should lessen embarrassment to the patient and focus on their optimistic attributes. Also, it is important to validate a person’s sense of self and self- worth (Victoria, 2014). Autonomy Clients suffering from dementia still has the capacity to make even small decisions. Although they are incapable of comprehending and deciding complicated tasks but still they deserve to be respected well. A patient’s autonomy should be respected even if the client is against the health care provider’s recommendation. This has helped develop cooperation and collaboration in making health related decisions (University of Miami Ethics Program, 2015). Question 2 Non- person- centred approach This method is aimed in looking at the individual rather than viewing the person holistically. There are two perspectives in this approach, these are: Institution perspective This type of perspective is directed to the establishments and facilities which focus on the care of elderly patients. Such establishments are those retirement villages, rest homes, nursing homes. The care plans made in this type of perspective are based on the institution’s policies and goals. Bio Medical perspective This perspective is based on the thought that human development is based on reason and rationality. In this model, it is believed that science and technology can improve human health. There are six assumptions in this perspective. First and foremost, that mind and body can be cured independently. Second, the body is like a machine that when it breaks down it can still be repaired. Third, that medicine should develop a more advanced solution to the health problems. Fourth, biomedicine focuses on the biological aspect of the disease process not considering the psychological and social issues. Fifth, it is said that every disease has its own etiology and lastly, medicine is the only way through understanding the disease and illness process (Cantley, 2001). Question 3 Reality- orientation approach This method follows a view point of in- patient treatment for minimizing confusion in geriatric patients. In this philosophy, it is said that confusion comes from: Under- stimulation of the patient. Care providers’ absence of persuasion or anticipation that the client perform his normal behaviour. Care givers’ no reinforcement of expected behaviours when the behaviours are performed (Taulbee and Folsom; Folsom, 1968). Validation approach This approach uses interaction of patients in the later stage of Alzheimer’s. This method aims to understand and feel for the needs of the person that he is trying to express. So, the concept of validation approach is the thought that people suffering with dementia say and reason out things with a purpose, and validating what they say and do is a way of boosting them to communicate openly and expressively with others (Pekker, 2011). Reminiscence techniques This technique includes the discussion of activities, events and experiences in the past with a group, usually with the help of noticeable and familiar things from the past. The participants, in this technique, are encouraged to express about past experiences at least once weekly. Also, there is also a life review that involves a one on one session in which the individual is led chronologically with his life experiences and encouraged to assess them and sometimes they may be able to make a life story book. This approach is said to be one of the used interventions in the care of patients with dementia and is highly rated by participants because it has evidently improved the mood and cognition of the clients. Assistive technologies This refers to any equipment, products or items used in helping to improve or maintain the capabilities of demented people most especially with their functional abilities, cognition and communication. This is beneficial to both parties, the carers and the demented client, as the job would be made easier and safer, easier and more person- centred. Holistic approach Clients with dementia may have benefitted from medication treatment, this approach believe that all individuals benefit from this type of method to care. There are four pillars in this approach, and these are: Environmental There are environmental factors that triggers and enhances reactions and behaviours for the demented person. By accurately assessing these factors and eliminating those hazards, health care providers can reduce agitation, irritability, anxiety and maintain an environment conducive for living. Communication It is important for caregivers in caring or dementia people to use effective communication methods because in this way reduction in agitation and frustration from the clients may result if and when you talk to them in a manner that is comforting. Dementia care communication can be verbal or non- verbal and knowing the difference impacts greatly as the demented individual can be affected either positively or negatively by words and body language. Nutritional Giving the client the appropriate nutritional needs can affect your care to them. Foods rich in fibre supports digestive health and bowel movement, increase fluid intake can support hydration needs. Thus, it is evident that diet holds an important role in maintaining the old person’s well- being and health. QUESTION 4 PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH PROMOTION Demented people would require needed help and support in the long run especially when the illness has advanced to a higher level. They may not be able to express their thoughts and insights about their care. However, many organizations may it be publicly or privately- owned support them by providing good awareness and advocacy services. For example, for those clients who prefer to stay in their homes can still be supported through the elder care locator wherein they can freely choose the caregiver they want to care for them that lives nearby. Also, Alzheimer’s Association 24/7 Hotline where all questions by the client, loved ones, friends and family are being answered and explained to them in a way that can easily be understood. This can be accessed 24/7 at any time of the day. Lastly, the Alzheimer’s Association is another organization for those elderlies who wish to stay in a care facilities. This type of association gives a thorough explanation and choices of care fa cilities and its location that suits the elderly clients. ATTITUDES TO HEALTH AND DEMAND FOR HEALTHCARE The young generation of today are surveyed to be afraid of aging and getting old most especially when they think about suffering from dementia because of the society’s stigma that they may face in the future. However, the aging process is inevitable and there is nothing that can be done to turn back time. Dementia is bound to be one of the add-ons when growing old and the young nurses these today are predestined to care for this aging population however, it will be a lot easier for them to do this because of the many organizations that support the Alzheimer’s community. They help and direct them towards the progress of the clients’ well- being and health. Therefore, it is right to give the elderlies with utmost respect and dignity regardless of race and condition. References A Place for Mom. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.aplaceformom.com/senior-care-resources/articles/dementia-dignity Cantley, C. (2001). A Handbook of Dementia Care. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press. Net industries. (2015). Retrieved from Medicine encyclopedia: http://medicine.jrank.org/pages/1448/Reality-Orientation.html Pekker, M. (2011, November 9th). Blogger corporation. Retrieved from Alzheimers review: http://alzheimers-review.blogspot.co.nz/2011/11/validation-approach-to-alzheimers.html Victoria, S. o. (2014, July 16). Department of Health, State of Victoria Australia. Retrieved from http://www.health.vic.gov.au/dementia/changes/personal-identity.htm Woods, B. S. (2005, April 18). PubMed. Retrieved from Cochrane Database Syst Rev: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846613

The Good Earth :: essays research papers

In the critically acclaimed novel The Good Earth, Pearl S. Buck depicts a humble farmer and his obedient wife O-lan. The Nobel Prize winning classic, set in late eighteenth century China, begins with Wang Lung going to the "Great House of Hwang"(49) to collect the wife that was betrothed to him by his father. Wang Lung lived with his father, wife, and five children, one of whom is mentally retarded. Although Wang Lung supplied all the physical needs for his family and upheld all the family traditions, he showed a strong insensitivity through his extra marital affairs. The story continues to portray the trials and tribulations of their life in a time when a persons livelihood came from the earth. From the earth, Wang Lung receives wealth, food, and prosperity. The earth also brought him dispair through natural disasters, but the earth remained his sole source of innerpeace. Wang Lung was sometimes caring and sometimes insensitive, but he always followed tradition. Wang Lung was a caring and compassionate man with a strong sense of family and adaptation to simple life. For example, Wang Lung showed extreme respect and appreciation for his wife in a time when women were considered to be no more then slaves. In the early chapters of the novel when Wang Lung was poor, he gave O-lan four silver pieces so she may return to the House of Hwang in grand style. He also offered to pay five thousand silver pieces for her recovery after he discovered she had a "fire in her vitals"(170). He then spent the rest of her days by her death bed and bought her the best quality coffin. Furthermore, Wang Lung had a special relationship with his first daughter, Poor Fool, his mentally retarded offspring. Poor Fool did not speak and did nothing more Pagliei 2 then twiddle a piece of cloth in the sun. Although Wang Lung had servants and slaves, he personally took care of his daughter after O-lan died. He also yelled at his love Lotus when she called Poor Fool an idiot: Now I will not hear my children cursed, no and not by anyone...For he was most angry of all that Lotus dared to curse this child of his and call her idiot, and a load of fresh pain for the girl fell upon his heart, so that for a day and two days he would not go near Lotus, but he played with the children and he went into the town and he bought a circle of barley candy for his poor fool and he comforted himself with her baby pleasure in the sweet sticky stuff. The Good Earth :: essays research papers In the critically acclaimed novel The Good Earth, Pearl S. Buck depicts a humble farmer and his obedient wife O-lan. The Nobel Prize winning classic, set in late eighteenth century China, begins with Wang Lung going to the "Great House of Hwang"(49) to collect the wife that was betrothed to him by his father. Wang Lung lived with his father, wife, and five children, one of whom is mentally retarded. Although Wang Lung supplied all the physical needs for his family and upheld all the family traditions, he showed a strong insensitivity through his extra marital affairs. The story continues to portray the trials and tribulations of their life in a time when a persons livelihood came from the earth. From the earth, Wang Lung receives wealth, food, and prosperity. The earth also brought him dispair through natural disasters, but the earth remained his sole source of innerpeace. Wang Lung was sometimes caring and sometimes insensitive, but he always followed tradition. Wang Lung was a caring and compassionate man with a strong sense of family and adaptation to simple life. For example, Wang Lung showed extreme respect and appreciation for his wife in a time when women were considered to be no more then slaves. In the early chapters of the novel when Wang Lung was poor, he gave O-lan four silver pieces so she may return to the House of Hwang in grand style. He also offered to pay five thousand silver pieces for her recovery after he discovered she had a "fire in her vitals"(170). He then spent the rest of her days by her death bed and bought her the best quality coffin. Furthermore, Wang Lung had a special relationship with his first daughter, Poor Fool, his mentally retarded offspring. Poor Fool did not speak and did nothing more Pagliei 2 then twiddle a piece of cloth in the sun. Although Wang Lung had servants and slaves, he personally took care of his daughter after O-lan died. He also yelled at his love Lotus when she called Poor Fool an idiot: Now I will not hear my children cursed, no and not by anyone...For he was most angry of all that Lotus dared to curse this child of his and call her idiot, and a load of fresh pain for the girl fell upon his heart, so that for a day and two days he would not go near Lotus, but he played with the children and he went into the town and he bought a circle of barley candy for his poor fool and he comforted himself with her baby pleasure in the sweet sticky stuff.

Nonverbal Communication Essay

Abstract The goal of this study was to find out if teachers were teaching nonverbal communication in their classroom, and also if it was important to teach nonverbal communication in the classroom. Teachers have a variety of teaching styles, and techniques. Some teachers using nonverbals and some do not. However, sometimes class size, classification levels, and gender can cause teachers to either use nonverbal communication or not. The participants of this study were asked whether or not their teacher use different types of nonverbal communication in the classroom setting. The study found that students said most teachers in their classes use nonverbal communication to teach. This study also provides support of the importance nonverbal communication has when teaching. Nonverbal communication in the classroom: A research about the importance of teaching nonverbal communication Communication in general is the process of sending and receiving messages that enables humans to share knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Although we usually identify communication with speech, communication is composed of two dimensions, which are verbal and nonverbal. Nonverbal communication has been defined as communication, but just without any words. Communicating is not something we can just do without, nonverbal communication especially considering it can never be shut off, unlike verbal communication we are always communicating nonverbally. One cannot not communicate. Nonverbal communication is always around you and impossible to ignore. Research, in many studies, has indicated that nonverbal communication can serve a wide range of functions in human interaction. Nonverbal communication is an essential part of every day life. No matter if at work, school, or even at home, nonverbal communication plays a huge role in life. As Blatner (2002) says, â€Å"Often people cannot understand the impact of nonverbal communications involved in a situation unless it is replayed and figured out† (pg.3). Teachers need to be practicing and teaching nonverbal communication in the classroom everyday, and that by doing so students will become much better communicators. Nonverbal communication strategies are important to the development of an effective educational system. Nonverbal communication should be practiced in more classes than just communication classes, because no matter what major of study you are in communication is always going to be an essential thing to know. Many social scientists have conducted research in the field of nonverbal communication as it affects students and educators. Ritchie (1977) found that seven percent of communication is nonverbal. Voice inflection accounts for 38% of the message, and facial expression, including â€Å"body language,† communicates 55% of the message. Speer (1972) states that because 90% of the total impact of a message can come from nonverbal elements, sharpening nonverbal communication skills cannot help but make a person a better communicator. So why are not all teachers using this method of teaching in the classroom setting? That is one of the questions I would like to answer in my research. This paper will work to determine if nonverbal communication is essential to be taught in the classroom and the importance of the teaching of nonverbal communication. Literature Review Research has been investigated, by many different scholarly researchers, about nonverbal communication and the importance of why it should be taught to students in their learning career. Nonverbal communication can be defined as signing, symbols, colors, gestures, rhythms, and much more. Those are just a few examples that will be discussed (Ritchie 1977). Speer (1972) believes that it is important to know all the different ways to communicate nonverbally and explains all of those ways in the book. Speer (1972) also emphasizes on the fact that in order to communicate, you must first know what nonverbal communication actually is. Pilner, Alloway, & Krames (1974) however compare how humans and animals communicate differently nonverbally and the importance of knowing the different ways, and they also point out how humans and animals can communicate very similarly nonverbally as well. Ethology is the way of studying behavior amongst people. Weitz (1974) refers to ethology as a way to cond uct research, knowing how to study different peoples behavior is essential to know before observing how people act. Visual interactions are also ways of studying nonverbal communication in the classroom, according to Weitz (1974). According to Molcho (1985), nonverbal communication is critical in the classroom setting, especially in interpersonal communication. The most credible messages teachers generate are said to be nonverbal. Duggan (2012) discusses all of the different nonverbal cues and why they are important. For example, he states the importance of facial expressions, gestures, and appearance. Along the same lines Carli (1995), Mayo &Henley (1981) and Thompson (2012) have different articles about differences between men and women and the different thoughts they have on nonverbal communication. He also discusses different research scenarios in which research has been conducted to prove the importance of nonverbal communication, and why men and women communicate differently sometimes. Area of Study Nonverbal communication plays a huge role in the classroom, and how teachers should be using nonverbal communication. (Pliner 1974) This paper is a research intended to help understand why nonverbal communication is so important in teaching, and what those importance’s are. Teachers should be using nonverbal communication everyday, in every course no matter what the major of study is. I want to research to see if teachers are using nonverbal communication skills in the classroom environment, and if so how they are using them. My hypothesis is that yes I believe teachers are using nonverbal communication as a way of teaching in their classroom. If the answer is no however, I will research why teachers are not using nonverbal communication in their every day teaching techniques, and if there are reasons behind why they are not using it. I will conduct surveys in class to see if students believe teachers are teaching enough about nonverbal communication, and if they believe it is important to be learning about. I would ask, does nonverbal communication play a role in the classroom? For instance, is nonverbal communication important in the classroom setting, whether it be how the teacher dresses, lectures, stands, etc. I also want to find out if teachers are teaching enough about nonverbal communication to their students. Are students gaining enough knowledge about nonverbal communication while in the classroom setting? Also, I would like to find out, what is the importance of nonverbal communication. Why should we study this and why do we need to learn this study for our whole careers. Finally, what would a classroom setting be like with zero nonverbal communication? This consists of no eye contact, appearance codes, gesture, or any other kind of nonverbal communication behavior. The following research questions and hypotheses guide the current study: H1: Students believe teachers are using nonverbal communication to communicate with them on a daily basis. H2: There is no difference between what males believe teachers use in the classroom and what females believe. H3: All ages believe the same thing when it comes to how often their teachers communicate nonverbally and how they are communicating this way. RQ1: Does nonverbal communication play a role in the classroom? RQ2: Are teachers teaching enough about nonverbal communication to their students? Methodology Instrument I used the convenience type sampling method. (see appendix A) This is a nonrandom type sampling; in which I used volunteers in my class to take my survey. The survey contained nine questions. Participants were asked nine questions about how their teachers use different nonverbal communication skills to communicate with them. The students were asked to mark yes or no depending on if the teacher used those certain styles of nonverbals while teaching, Students were also asked some demographic questions: sex, classification, and age. I used evidence by Wilmont (1995), about research of nonverbal communication to come up with my research questions. I developed my questions very carefully before choosing what the right questions were to ask. I thought about questions that could be useful to my research and that would help me develop the results I needed in order to prove or disprove my topic. I choose questions that wouldn’t be offensive to anyone, so that everyone could participate . I was trying to find out the significance of nonverbal communication being used and taught in the classroom setting. Participants I had twenty-five students in my research communication class participate in my survey. There were fourteen males and eleven females who participated, however gender doesn’t have much of an affect on my research. The ages for my survey ranged from nineteen to twenty-three years old. All of the students who took my survey were in some kind of communication field. I conducted my survey and distributed it during our class hour, along with everyone else. I distributed my surveys on Thursday October 18th, 2012. I distributed my survey to each member in the class in a row order. I simply passed my survey out row by row to each class member, and when everyone received my survey they began taking it. When the class was done taking my survey they proceeded to the front of the classroom and put my surveys in a pile for me to pick up. I then took a look at all of my results later that night. I made an excel document and went through each individual paper and recorded my results in to excel. I recorded the number of females and males, class rank, and also the answers to my yes and no questions. Results The first hypothesis was concerned with if students believed teachers were using nonverbal communication with them to teach on a daily basis. The hypothesis inferred that students did believe teachers were using nonverbal communication on a daily basis to communicate with them. . This hypothesis was supported. All students answered yes to at least some type of nonverbal communication. The second hypothesis looked at the sex of the students. This hypothesis inferred that the sex of the student was not significant for this survey. This hypothesis was supported. Sex was not significant in the research. Males and females answered mostly the same for every question in the survey. The third hypothesis looked at age of the students. This hypothesis stated that age was not significant in the survey. This hypothesis was supported. After recording all the results, age was not a factor. All of the students came up with mostly the same answers no matter their age. Research question one asked if nonverbal communication played a role in the classroom setting. From my survey, students believed that yes, nonverbal communication does in fact play a role in the classroom, and the survey also showed that numerous amounts of different types of nonverbal communication are being used every day in the classroom setting. Research question number two asked, are teachers teaching enough about nonverbal communication to their students? The question was answered yes by every single student. Students believe that yes there is enough nonverbal communication being taught in the classroom. Discussion The goal of this study was to see if nonverbal communication was being taught in the classroom and if it was important to be taught. Teachers have many different ways of teaching, and many different techniques but the overall outcome was that yes, nonverbal communication is very important in the classroom and that many teachers do use nonverbal communication on a daily basis to teach. Class size, gender, and classification did not really matter in this study. Previous research has also found that nonverbal communication is a very important factor in teaching as well. My study supported previous research, and agreed that nonverbal communication is being taught in the classrooms, and it is important for teachers to teach and use nonverbal communication. Another interesting find was that gender did not play a big part in the overall outcomes. I figured since females tend to notice things more, like proximity, gestures, posture, etc., that females would answer a lot differently than males but that was not true in this case. All students believed pretty much the same things. I was not surprised that students believed nonverbal communication was important because I agree, it is.   After conducting my survey I learned a lot of things from classmates. Some of the things I discovered were, body posture is a very important nonverbal in the classroom. Body posture can tell when students understand the content presented or when they have trouble grasping the major concepts. A student who is slouching in his seat sends a very different message than the student who learns forward or sits erect. I also learned that eye contact plays a very important role in teaching. Teachers often use eye contact in the classroom to decide who is prepared to answer a question, or who has completed a homework assignment. If a student does not want to be called on they will try and have no eye contact with the teacher, and that indicates to the teacher they do not know the answer or wish to not speak. Students also responded that distance is used on a daily basis in the classroom. The teachers are supposed to stand in the front, and the students sit in desks in the middle and back. I also discovered that students would interact more comfortably with a teacher when they are in same vertical plane. Dress being a form of nonverbal communication, I discovered plays a role in every classroom. Teachers dress appropriately for class everyday, as in dress pants, dresses, nice shirts, etc. Effective teaching depends on successful communication. By definition of non-verbal communication without uttering a single word, teachers and students constantly send messages to each other (Thompson, 2012). Limits and Future Study Although my study found a lot of reliable information, there were some limitations. When conducting my survey, although it turned out very helpful, I would have changed the questions and been a little more descriptive with them. For example, I would have not only asked if the certain nonverbals were used in the classroom, I would have also asked when and how these forms of communication were used. Another limitation was class classification. There were a wide variety of grade levels that took my survey, and all teachers in every grade level have a different way of teaching, so I would have tried to get maybe all Juniors or all Seniors to take my survey. I would have tried to have all people who take the same classes with the same teachers to take the survey. Future researchers could look more in to how students use nonverbal [communication to communicate rather than just teachers. I think students use just as much nonverbal communication as teachers do and that would be an interesting research to conduct also. This research was conducted to show the importance of nonverbal communication while teaching in the classroom. Nonverbal communication plays an essential role in the classroom so I believe more studies should be done concerning nonverbal communication. References Carli, L. (1995). Nonverbal behavior, gender, and influence. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 68(6), 1030-1041. Duggan, T. (2012). Nonverbal cues between men and women in the workplace. Hearst Newspapers. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/nonverbal-cues-men-women-workplace- 11424.html. Key, Mary Ritchie. (1977) Nonverbal communication: a research guide & bibliography. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press Mayo, C., & Henley, N. (1981). Gender and nonverbal behavior. New York : Springer-Verlag. Molcho, S. (1985). Body speech. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press. Pliner, P., Alloway, T.,Krames, L. (1974). Nonverbal communication: Advances in the study of communication and affect. New York: Plenum Press. Speer, D. C. (1972). NonVerbal Communication. Beverly Hills, Sage Publications. Thompson, J. (2012). The science and fun of nonverbal communication [Electronic Version]. Are man and woman equals in nonverbal communication? Weitz, S. (1974) Nonverbal communication: Readings with commentary. New York: Oxford University Press. Wilmont, W. (1995). Relational Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Why did Harold Wilson win the 1964 Election

In 1951 Winston Churchill's Conservative party, won the general election, and this would be the start of 13 years of Conservative rule spanning three prime ministers. This rule was ended in 1964 by Harold Wilson’s reunited Labour party. In this essay, I will look at the factors which led to the Labour victory.Whilst in power the Conservative government made many mistakes, a key example of a Conservative mistake would be the 1957 Suez crisis in Egypt, when its leader (Nasser) wanted to nationalise the Suez Canal, an important trade route from Northern Africa and Middle East for France and Great Britain, which would force any ships using it to pay large taxes. This led to Sir Anthony Eden having to take military action to secure the canal, and stop the nationalisation.However he could not just invade the Suez Canal, so instead he hatched up a plan with France and Israel secretly. This plan involved Israel invading parts of egypt and France and Great Britain acting as peace keepe rs, securing the Canal for themselves. The plan went off militarily perfect and the Canal was secured. However, Great Britain did this without the consent of the US and UN.The US, perhaps seeing this as Imperialism, threaten to halt economic aid unless Eden was to withdraw his troops from Egypt, of which GB was reliant on, so reluctantly Eden was forced to remove his troops. Meaning a failure to stop the nationalisation of the Suez canal and leading Great Britain isolated on the world scale, and Anglo-American relations at a low. It was now clear that GB was no longer a dominant power in the world, and could not do much without the support of the Americans and would have to stop its Imperialism.However it is likely that the crisis would have had a much less domestic impact, as the labour opposition were unable to capitalize on this Conservative failure without looking unpatriotic and Harold Macmillan was quickly able to mend Anglo-American relations in his time in power, leaving lit tle lasting effect. This realisation of the UK losing its world power status, however was accepted by Harold Macmillan, who is quoted saying â€Å"The dinosaur was the largest beast, but it was inefficient and therefore disappeared. The bee is efficient, but it is too small to have much influence.The British Empire was a dinosaur and didn't last. Britain's most useful role is somewhere between bee and dinosaur. ’’ This meant that Macmillan saw that Great Britain had to strike up a role powerful enough to have an influence, but know when to let things go and when to not get involved, it would no longer have to play the role of world policeman like it did in times of empire. This was a success of the Conservative government in acknowledging this and Macmillan viewed it as a defeat, but one from which the country could learn from like Dunkirk in 1940.Britain did learn from this, as it reduced its defence budget (which was 10% of its GDP), one significantly higher than ot her similar european countries and pushed towards decolonisation of its empire. Another key mistake of the Conservative government was its abuse of the economy, resulting in stop go economics which is expanding economy with low interest rates and rising consumer spending meaning the economy overheats with wages and imports exceeding productivity and exports meaning the economy has to go through a ‘’stop’’ phase or need for slowing down or deflation through higher interest rates and spending cuts.This lead to investors being unsure on what the economy would do, and therefore did not invest as much as other more stable economies and therefore Britain economic growth being much lower than countries like Japan, Germany and France that had only years before been devastated by World War II.This stop-go economics was caused by the government not being able to decide on a budget, and them being too often used as short term measures to buy votes in general election s, for example before elections the conservative government would reduce taxes and after they won the election, would be forced to raise them again and policy lagging behind events. This in the end led to the failure of the government to develop policies that encouraged consistently performing economies, resulting in ‘’Stagflation’’ meaning the economy felt both the impacts of industrial decline and inflation.This would have led to the people feeling worse off, and when it comes to elections, its not foreign policy that wins, its whether the government has made them richer or poorer than counts, and if it has made them poorer, it is unlikely that they will vote for that party again. Macmillian’s plan to improve the economy was to get Great Britain into the European Economic Community, or EEC, which would later become the European Union.This would make it easier to trade with Europe, increasing exports, something that was in deficit as at the time Br itain had a balance of payments issue, exporting much less than imported. This could have worked, but Macmillian failed to get entry into the EEC because France’s President De Gaulle vetoed against GB’s entry, because he felt that it would be an awkward member, and that it already had strong ties to America and the Commonwealth, and did not want them getting involved in his EEC.However it is also argued that De Gaulle vetoed against GB because he was still spiteful of the jokes made to him by British and American Generals during World War II and the occupation of France by the Nazis. In the end, this failure to gain entry, meant that Macmillians one stop pill for curing the economy was scraped and GBs balance of payments issue was not resolved. This was criticized a lot by the labour opposition, and faith in Macmillian was decreasing both in his party and the public, meaning it was likely this lead to increased numbers of labour voters.The 60s were a much more liberal decade than the 50s and a lot of the people we starting to get more left wing in their political views. Events such as the Ally Pally Potheads Rally and emergence of Hippy culture and the cultural revolution showcased this shift in beliefs. The Labour party were able to take advantage of this shifting in the spectrum, by having Roy Jenkins promise to make society much more ‘’Civil’’ by removing the death penalty, legalizing abortion and homosexuality over the age of 21 and reducing media censorship.This would have gained a lot of the younger voters and showed that the Labour Party was able to keep up with this revolution in the British culture, unlike the Conservative Party which was unable to fully understand why scandals such as the Profumo Affair and Vassal Spy Scandal were so interesting to the media and general public, leaving the conservatives looking out of touch and out dated. The Labour party was also much stronger in 1964 than it was in previouse lections. Harold Wilson was a much stronger leader than Gaitskell, and a more skilled campaigner. The split between the party of Bevanites and the Gaitskellites ,which once meant that Labour had many conflicts in ideology and therefore policies in earlier elections which caused weakness post atlee, was reduced giving the Labour party clearer directions for the future and more direct policies to vote on.This meant that the Labour party had a much better chance for winning the election than previous ones, regardless of the conservative mistakes. In conclusion, It could be argued that ‘’thirteen years of conservative misrule’’ was a factor in the Labour victory, especially since the conservatives failed at optimising the economy and dealing the the balance of payments issue and inflation, which lead the people to feel worse off, and it is how well off the people feel under a government that decides elections.But the labour party were not able to capitalize on other failures such as the Suez Crisis meaning the victory cannot all be blamed on the conservative misrule as the labour party were a much stronger and more focused opposition that was adapting to the times much better than the Conservatives this election, winning them the majority of the younger voters and therefore the election.

Bigger, Faster, Stronger Essay

Chris Bell who came from an overweight family narrated this film. Chris did not want to be like his father when he was younger; instead he wanted to be like Arnold Schwarzenegger. Chris’ older brother would beat up kids who made fun of him so he was nicknamed Mad Dog. His younger brother hated school and had a learning disability. His younger brother was nicknamed Smelly. Chris and his brothers would wrestle in their basement. Mad Dog had become football captain at his school, while Smelly and Chris began participating in body building competitions. Chris was the strongest kid in his high school and held the New York record. Chris had started to get accused of using steroids. By his senior year he was one of the strongest kids in the country. He moved to California and trained at the gym that Arnold Schwarzenegger trained at. All he accomplished with moving was landing a job at Gold’s Gym selling memberships. It was said that some move to California and live out of thei r cars to lift at Gold’s Gym. Chris was always against steroids, so when he found out that all his heroes had used them he was very bothered. Chris’ older brother, Mad Dog, stated using steroids while playing football at University of Cincinnati. Shortly after he quit college to pursue another dream of his which was professional wrestling. Mad Dog was the guy who got paid to make other wrestlers look good by getting beat up. Mad Dog was told he would get a contract, but never did. Mad Dog started doing drugs in addition to steroids. He said he would rather be dead than average and later attempted to commit suicide. Smelly also followed Mad Dog and took steroids. He also pursued his wrestling dream, but unlike Mad Dog he had a wife to consider. After having a son, Smelly realized that wrestling was not the life he wanted. Smelly and his wife settled down in the suburbs and opened a gym. But even after quitting wrestling the steroid usage did not stop. Chris could not understand why he was so against steroid usage, but his brothers were not. It is said that many of the baseball players were using steroids and baseball players because of this went from being scrawny to looking like wrestlers. In 2005 Congress spent 151 days in session and 8 of those they spent debating the use of steroids. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention anabolic steroids kills 3 people a year and is #142 in top killers. Steroids are synthetic versions of hormones that your body produces naturally. Some side effects of steroids are acne, hair growth, and reduced sperm count. Some side effects in women are deepened voice, menstrual problem, and enlarged clitoris. Some of these side effects are not reversible. Testosterone tells the body to increase muscle size and strength and helps you recover from workouts faster. For kids some experts think steroids can stunt their growth, but it is not proven. No one has ever done studies on long-term effects of steroids. Congress wanted to pass a law that would control steroids like cocaine and heroin. In 1990 Congress passed the Anabolic Steroid Control Act. This video has not changed my opinion on steroids. My thought on steroids before watching this video was that it should only be used for medical reasons. I consider those who use steroids to gain an advantage over others in professional sports as cheaters. This video, however, did introduce me to many other types of people who use steroids such as pilots, porn stars, and musicians.